A Guide to Careers in Epidemiology

Epidemiologists are scientists who study diseases within populations of people. In essence, these public health professionals analyze what causes disease outbreaks in order to treat existing diseases and prevent future outbreaks. Thanks to this, epidemiologists are considered “disease detectives” of the public health world.

The following article is for those interested in careers in epidemiology. Questions such as what skills are needed to succeed in an epidemiology career, the salary that can be expected, factors that affect salary, typical job duties, educational epidemiologist requirements and specific types of epidemiologists are all explored in this comprehensive guide.

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What Is Epidemiology?

Epidemiology is the study of diseases in given populations. Epidemiologists examine how and where disease outbreaks start, how diseases are transmitted among individuals in a population and how to effectively treat those diseases. The information gathered and analyzed by epidemiologists is then used to develop or improve clinical and medical research, as well as improve preventative healthcare. It’s safe to say that countless lives have been saved due to the work of epidemiologists.

In order to become an epidemiologist, a master’s degree is the minimum educational requirement. The most common master’s degree is in public health with a specialization in epidemiology; however, the public health degree is not a requirement, and many epidemiologists obtain master’s degrees in other fields and specialize in other areas. Many epidemiologists have doctorate and/or medical degrees, especially if they plan on teaching at the post-secondary level or overseeing medical research studies. On the undergraduate level, most epidemiologists have backgrounds in public health, biology, medicine and statistics. The high level of education required and the technical nature of the educational requirements to become an epidemiologist are reflected by a median salary of $81,390, which is well above the national average.

Typical careers for epidemiologists revolve around either conducting research or applying information and conclusions gathered from the research. Epidemiologists that conduct research are usually employed by universities or in conjunction with government organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. Epidemiologists who apply knowledge obtained from research usually work with local governments and organizations directly tackling public health issues.

During the initial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiologists throughout the world played a critical role in tracking the spread of the disease. In their search for the index case – “patient zero”– epidemiologists in the Seattle area worked fervently to trace the infectious trail of the virus and obtain critical information about its level of contagion, rates of mutation, and lethality. These initial findings set the stage for the national response.

How To Become an Epidemiologist

Good things can come out of bad times, and a resurgence of interest of becoming an epidemiologist is an example. While there are no official national licensing or educational requirements to become an epidemiologist, a master’s-level degree is the de-facto standard, and study should take place in a relevant field such as:

• Public health
• Epidemiology
• Health science
• Medicine or Nursing
• Biostatistics – Learn about education to become a biostatistician
• Health administration

Most epidemiologists (57%) work with state and local government agencies. A sizable minority work in general hospitals (9%) and in research-teaching positions at universities (7%). The epidemiology positions in these types of places tend to have career entry points for those with a bachelor’s-level education in a relevant field.

For example, a bachelor’s degree in public health could get a foot in the door at the county health department as a program assistant, and from there the path to becoming an epidemiologist could be as straightforward as two more years of education in a master’s of epidemiology program plus experience.

Education is a must for epidemiologists, and because this is a profession that lives literally depend on, a good track record of proven work experience is also vitally important. The most senior epidemiologist positions often require a doctoral-level of education plus years of related experience.

Epidemiology academic programs can vary in depth and focus, especially as one progresses from the undergraduate to graduate level. Prerequisites often include:

• Intro to public health and health professions
• HIPAA guidelines
• Statistics and modeling
• Sociology

The core subjects in any epidemiology program will focus on topics like:

Infectious and non-infectious disease epidemiology

Clinical research epidemiology

Social and public health epidemiology

Biostatistics and modeling

Epidemiologic methods and medical biometry

Heightened public awareness about infectious diseases and pandemics mean there’s no time like the present to start pursuing a career in epidemiology. In 2023 the US Department of Labor reported epidemiologists earned an average of $90,430 annually.

Inside The Lab: A Day In The Life Of An Epidemiologist

Job duties of an epidemiologist typically revolve around gathering medical and health information from the field, research or historical data, analyzing the data collected and presenting the findings. The findings can then be used to develop public health initiatives or discover how diseases originate, spread and can be treated. Even though humans are living longer and many diseases are no longer harming humanity the way they used to, epidemiologists are still important today. For example, diseases that were previously considered “extinct” are now making a comeback, such as measles.

The specific day-to-day job duties of an epidemiologist differ depending on the organization they work for and whether they primarily focus on research or the application of research to public health issues. However, there are basic tasks that apply to most epidemiologists, regardless of their primary area of focus. Typical job duties include:

For a deeper understanding of what an epidemiologist does, it helps to go right to the source. David H. Schwartz, PhD, Head of Scientific Support to Counsel for Innovative Science Solutions spoke with us regarding his role in public health and epidemiology. Though Dr. Schwartz does not have a degree in epidemiology, the work that he does relates very strongly to the field. The following interview offers a unique perspective of typical work done by an epidemiologist.

How did you become involved with a scientific consulting firm?

After obtaining my PhD in neuroscience, I began to realize that there is a need for the ability to rigorously evaluate scientific information and to apply that analysis to a variety of venues, including legal actions, the regulatory arena and public policy. I formed Innovative Science Solutions, LLC (ISS) with my partner to address this growing need.

What is your educational background and how does it apply to your current job?

I was granted a PhD in neuroscience from Princeton University. The process of obtaining a PhD helped provide me with a deep and meaningful understanding of how science is conducted and properly interpreted. I use these fundamental principles every day in my work.

What does your day-to-day work entail?

Reviewing and evaluating the rigor of scientific information. This includes the study design, conduct and then the interpretation of the study findings. Ultimately, we need to align the evidence with the real-world problem and develop defensible arguments that are consistent with the scientific evidence.

Do you have any advice for students interested in entering public health?

I would recommend that you focus on your training and try to develop a deep and nuanced understanding of the scientific method.

Epidemiologist Careers: Growth And Stability

In the United States, the healthcare industry is booming. With improvements in medical records and information technologies, such as Big Data, epidemiologists will have more opportunities to analyze medical information and will be able to do so on a level not previously possible. Unfortunately, these developments are not expected to lead to large increases of growth in the number of epidemiologists needed.

The US Department of Labor projects the number of epidemiologist jobs across the nation to increase by 27 percent between 2022 and 2032.

Over that same period, the national average for job growth in all occupations is anticipated at 3 percent. Why the seemingly low demand? The primary reason seems to be that demand for epidemiologists originates at the local and state government level. Unlike private organizations and the federal government, local and state governments are governed by more strict budgetary limitations.

This recent trend of fiscal restraint at the state and local government level also explains why the United States Bureau of Labor and Statistics estimated that the epidemiologist job growth from 2018 to 2028 was 5 percent. In the two years between 2010 and 2012, the job growth estimate or epidemiologists dropped by more than half. What also occurred during that same two-year period? Strict austerity measures were put in place by state and local governments across the nation. Therefore, the job growth of epidemiologists revolves largely around the fiscal health of state and local government.

However, the importance of what an epidemiologist does can be seen in their national employment rate. According to the US Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the national unemployment rate was 3.9 percent in October 2024. The national unemployment rate of health care and social assistance professionals, as a whole, was 2.8 percent. Meanwhile a total of 10,230 epidemiologists were employed nationally as of 2023, the year for which the most recent epidemiologist employment figures were available.

Even though the overall job growth prospects for epidemiologists as a whole is anticipated to grow 27 percent between 2022 and 2032, one of the primary factors in that estimate is the assumption that states and municipalities will continue to keep government spending at a minimum. However, epidemiologists can often find work in related fields. The below related careers show higher growth rates and increased potential for those who desire a career in epidemiology or a similar field:

• Statisticians 31.8%
• Community Health Workers 14%

Specific high-growth epidemiology related careers from 2022-2032 include the following:

The growth potential of epidemiologists depends not only on budgetary concerns of state and local governments and the area of specialization, but also geographical location of the position. Certain regions of the United States are expected to grow faster, or slower, than the projected 27 percent from 2022 to 2032.

Choosing A Career In Epidemiology

When deciding on a career in epidemiology, there are questions you can ask yourself to decide which specific epidemiology job is right for you. Factors to consider include your likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses and personality traits.

Other Interesting Careers In Epidemiology

Epidemiology is a very important career. However, there is the general idea that epidemiologists are statisticians who work in a government office crunching numbers to find patterns in health related problems. Like many other professions, what an epidemiologist does is actually much more varied than what someone might think. Although analyzing statistics and research data is a large part of the day-to-day work, the actual job duties can vary greatly. The below graphic illustrates other interesting careers for those intrigued by epidemiology.

Spotlight On: Veterinary Epidemiologist

Veterinary epidemiologists study the cause and spread of diseases within groups of animals other than humans. This is a critical job in today’s age, given the prevalence of animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), avian influenza and swine influenza. Additionally, private enterprises such as those involved in the meat production industry rely on the expertise of veterinary epidemiologists to prevent diseases from harming the animals and monitoring their overall health.

Typical job duties of a veterinary epidemiologist include studying how diseases are transmitted among animals and between animals and humans, evaluating the efficacy of animal vaccines and medicines and analyzing information obtained through research and observation in order to draw conclusions about a given illness or disease. Due to time-intensive nature of data gathering, much of the information analyzed by veterinary epidemiologists is obtained from veterinarians or veterinarian technicians, rather than directly from the field.

Most veterinary epidemiologists are also veterinarians. Therefore, one of the veterinary epidemiologist requirements is to obtain a veterinary medicine degree. Next, the individual works to become licensed to practice medicine and then obtain additional training and education to become an epidemiologist. Common educational avenues include obtaining a master’s degree in Public Health or a PhD in Epidemiology.

Finally, the veterinary epidemiologist can become board certified. While becoming board certified is not mandatory in order to become a veterinary epidemiologist, it is strongly recommended. A veterinary epidemiologist becomes board certified by becoming a diplomat in the American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, achieving two years of experience in the field of epidemiology, seeing articles published in scientific journals and presenting three professional references. Finally, the veterinary epidemiologist must pass the board certification exam.

An Epidemiologist Toolbox: Getting Started

In order to become a successful epidemiologist, there are important tools, skills and personality traits one should possess. For example, a strong grasp of math theories and statistical concepts is a must, even if one does not actively conduct research and analyze data. Below is a list of skills and traits that could be useful in launching a successful epidemiology career.

So how do these skills relate to a given salary for an epidemiologist? According to Payscale.com, the most important skills for a higher than average salary were research analysis, proficiency with numerical analysis software, data analysis and public health. Note that two of the skills, research analysis and data analysis, are highly contingent on critical thinking skills and an understanding of statistical, medical and biological concepts. It is no surprise that these are the skills that take extra education and involve the more difficult classes in post-secondary education.

Salaries In Epidemiology

Epidemiologists are well-educated and very skilled individuals who must undergo extensive training in order study diseases and how they affect a given group of people. As a result, epidemiologists’ average salaries are well above the national average, depending on the position. For example, many epidemiologists have masters or doctorate level degrees as well as years of practical experience.

According to the US Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the median annual epidemiologist salary in the United States is $81,390, with the top 10 percent making $132,230 and the bottom 10 percent making $54,950.

Type of industry is a very important factor that affects what an epidemiologist salary will be. According to the US Bureau of Labor and Statistics, an epidemiologist working at the state or local government level makes an average of $78,730, just below the national median. However, the average salary of all other epidemiologists is $105,939. Even though state and local government epidemiologists make less than the median, there are far more jobs in those areas than in the non-governmental sector. The below chart summarizes the differences based on industry: